Industrial peasants

Peasant crafts

Agriculture and cattle breeding were closely interrelated with handicrafts. In the south of Western Siberia, the processing of agricultural products, the manufacture of carpets, and the pimokat fishery were widespread. In the counties belonging to the middle district, forestry, tar smoking, the manufacture of wooden dishes, furniture, and sleighs were developed. In the north, peasants were engaged in the manufacture of nets, seines, clay sinkers.

In the Tobolsk province in the second half of the XIX — early XX century the most common crafts of the peasants were brick craft, pottery, making bast and matting, weaving, leather craft and woodworking. Cooperage, glassmaking, locksmithing and basket weaving were less developed in the peasant environment.

At the turn of the XIX — XX centuries, "leaving" crafts became widespread. Most of the adult male population left for work after the end of agricultural work. The widespread use of such kind of crafts was an indicator of the development of market relations. In addition, crop failures of this time contributed to the spread of "leaving workers".

Leaving working also existed in Soviet times. For example, peasant brigades were hired to build houses and cowsheds on other collective farms, individual artisans were hired to make boats, put stoves, harvested leather from villages, and so on. Since the 1990s, temporary retirement from the village to work has become relevant again.

Masharov

Nikolai Dmitrievich Masharov, the founder of the Tyumen Iron Foundry (Tyumen Machine Tool Plant), was born in 1865 in the Shaitinskaya parish of the Yekaterinburg district of the Perm province in a peasant family. In 1883, when Nikolai was 18 years old, their family moved to Tyumen. After graduating from the national school, he got a job as a cabin boy on one of the Kukhterin brothers' steamships. In 1897, he had already reached the rank of captain of the ship and, apparently, won the trust of his masters. In any case, in 1897, the Kukhterins married their sister Catherine to him, while providing a generous dowry. The bride’s dowry became Masharov’s first capital, with which he bought a dugout workshop from the merchant Zakolyapin, in which a primitive cupola was installed, where copper and cast iron were melted. At that time, only 12 people worked at the site of the future plant. Masharov set himself the goal of expanding the foundry in Tyumen. Immediately after the purchase of the workshop, the first wooden buildings were made. But a year later, a fire destroyed them.

The land with an area of 0.2 hectares, on which the workshop was located, was leased by N.D.Masharov from the city and could be withdrawn at any time. To avoid this, the owner of the burned-down workshop appeals to the city council with a request to transfer the land to his full ownership, "in order to erect new stone buildings on it to revive the foundry, which gives hundreds of people the opportunity to have permanent jobs, helps the development of the city’s industry, which is very necessary for him." Nikolai Dmitrievich Masharov was assigned land for permanent use. And on August 11, 1901 he established the Partnership of N.D.Masharov and Co. with a fixed capital of 50,000 rubles, which, besides him, included three merchants and the trading house Gilev and Sons.

The construction of the iron foundry began in early 1900, and by August the area of the factory territory reached 1000 square fathoms, office and storage facilities were built. Gradually, the plant expanded: there were locksmith and mechanical, enameling, blacksmithing, turning and locksmith shops, and an engine room. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Partnership of N.D. Masharov and Co. became the largest industrial enterprise in Tyumen. Two cupolas are installed in the foundry, air injection into which is carried out by horse traction. In 1908, it was replaced by a steam engine, and then the plant was the first in Tyumen to switch to an electromechanical drive. Already in 1913, newspapers wrote that the N.D. Masharov and Co. Partnership "… produces all kinds of cast iron and cast-iron-enameled dishes, stove accessories, household items, nails, etc." In addition, "accepts all kinds of orders for factories, factories and shipping companies according to drawings and drawings for casting all kinds of cast iron and copper machine parts rough and finished."

Despite the very difficult working conditions at the factory, the workers respected their master. They defended Nikolai Dmitrievich twice after his arrest. The plant’s employees sent letters to the relevant authorities with a request to release him on bail. For the first time, they managed to save Masharov from being shot.

On November 13, 1920, Masharov was charged with belonging to the White Movement and sponsoring its activities. On November 24, at a meeting of the Tomsk Gubernatorial Committee, it was decided to consider the accusation proven, and Nikolai Dmitrievich was sentenced to death and confiscation of property. On December 3, 1920, the sentence was carried out.

Podaruyev

Prokopy Ivanovich Podaruyev was born on February 25 (March 9, new style), 1823 in the village Perevalovo Tyumen district of Tobolsk province.

Prokopy Ivanovich begins his career as a merchant in a very favorable environment, having a rich inheritance, which included his father’s large stone house on the corner of Spasskaya and Podaruyevskaya streets — currently Lenin and Semakov Streets in Tyumen. Prokopy multiplies his father’s fortune due to the extensive vodka trade: he knocks out a monopoly on its sale in Tyumen and for a certain period of time becomes a real vodka magnate. This is not the only thing the merchant did and succeeded in. In the first years after the death of his parent, Podaruyev Jr. was actively engaged in buying up various artisanal products from peasants and selling them profitably at fairs and fairs. His visits to China were frequent, from where the merchant brought tea and also sold it very profitably in Tyumen and Tyumen county. He was also engaged in gold mining, and from the mid-1870s he was appointed director of the state bank branch in Irbit during the annual fairs.

His impeccable reputation and respect from the public allowed Podaruyev to become the Head of the city three times. But this work was carried out by him on a voluntary basis. There were so many funds from entrepreneurial affairs that Prokopy, on the contrary, fed the city treasury and often donated various amounts to the needs of his native land.

He began his social activities in his native village of Perevalovo, where he was the headman of the Church of St. Nicholas. Nicholas and fulfilled this duty for more than 25 years. He was engaged in charity work, was a member of several charitable societies: from 1864 to 1890 — in the Tobolsk Alexander orphanage, from 1868 to 1877 — in the Omsk society "Nadezhda". At his own expense, Podaruev maintained the city almshouse, financed the construction of a bridge over a ravine to a Large Settlement, paid part of the costs of setting up an industrial exhibition in Tyumen in 1871, and was among the organizers of the celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the founding of Tyumen.

Being a passionate lover of horses, Prokopy Ivanovich initiated the organization of a racetrack in Tyumen and founded in 1850 in the village of Gusevo the first stud farm in the Trans-Urals, which in 1901 was bought by the horse breeder Yerdakov and successfully continued breeding horse breeding. Podaruyev made the main contribution to the development of the city by donating 135 thousand rubles for the construction of a building in Tyumen Alexandrovsky Real School designed by a St. Petersburg architect Stepan Vorotilov.

And in 1878−1880, a men’s gymnasium building was built in Tyumen, funds for which were also allocated by Prokopy Podaruyev. Not forgetting about his small homeland, Podaruev built the building of the Alekseevsky rural school and a chapel in Perevalovo, put money in the bank so that the interest from the deposit would be used annually for the needs of the school.

Prokopy Ivanovich Podaruyev was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Tyumen Women’s Gymnasium, an honorary trustee of the Alexandrovsky Real and district schools, as well as an honorary member of the Imperial Society of Horse Racing Enthusiasts. By decree of the Russian Senate on February 18, 1864, he was elevated to hereditary honorary citizenship for his deeds.

He died on December 21, 1900 (January 3, 1901 new style) in Tyumen and was buried on the territory of the St. Nicholas Church in the village of Perevalovo.