Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry

In Russia, furs have always been given special importance. Sable fur was more valuable by weight than gold. Furs were for a long time the main monetary fund of Russia: furs of sables, foxes, squirrels, beavers, martens, ermines, muskrats were exported. In the eighteenth century, our country began to breed fur-bearing animals in captivity, there were "izbyanoe" and "island" animal husbandry.

In the middle of the XIX century, cellular animal husbandry was developed. The first fur farms appeared in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Tobolsk provinces. Silver‑black foxes, blue foxes, sables, and minks were bred there. Fur farming began on an industrial scale in the 1920s and 30s of the twentieth century. Animal husbandry was a matter of state. By 1932, there were 20 fur farms in the USSR. In 1934, fur farming began to develop on collective farms. During the Great Patriotic War, cellular animal husbandry suffered greatly and was rebuilt after the war.

In the post-war period, in the taiga and tundra regions, from 30 to 60% of monetary income was provided by fur production. In the tundra, the population hunted mainly arctic foxes, in the taiga squirrel, ermine, muskrat, which was mined in lake-swampy areas. In many places, black and silver foxes and blue foxes were bred. The first place in the USSR in cellular animal husbandry was occupied by the Tyumen region. In 1953, about 40% of the total number of fur-bearing animals in the country’s collective farms were concentrated here. In 1954 There were 412 collective fur farms in the entire Ob-Irtysh north, in which there were almost 18 thousand heads of fur-bearing animals, as well as 6 fur-breeding state farms.

By 1970, the USSR took the first place in the world in terms of the number of fur-bearing animals grown. In the 1980s, the USSR accounted for 35% of the world’s production of mink and arctic fox skins, 60% of foxes and 100% of cage‑bred sables. Most fur-bearing animals were bred in the RSFSR.

After the collapse of the USSR and the socio-economic changes that began in society, the number of fur farms decreased by 7 times. At the beginning of the new century, there were 14 rabbit and fur breeding companies in the Tyumen region. Russia’s share of fur production in the world is currently only 5%.

Animal farm "Tobolsk"

In the early years of Soviet power, the national economy of the country was in dire need of gold currency to purchase equipment that was required for industry. At that time, the gold currency was partially replenished at the expense of Siberian furs.

In the summer of 1928, work began on the establishment of a fur farm in the village of Ivanovskoye, Tobolsk district. Previously, there was a farm for breeding Chinchilla rabbits for the local population. On August 21, 1928, three breeding foxes — two females and a male — were brought to Tobolsk on the steamer Kazanets from the Sharkal farm.

On April 1, 1929, the Tobolsk (Ivanovo) zoofarm was taken over by the GPSK and on the balance sheet of the main fur and raw materials office. It was the first experimental animal breeding farm in Western Siberia, with a livestock of 10 foxes, some Russian, some American.

In the 1930s, the Tobolsk animal husbandry mastered the complex technique of this specific branch of production. Animal breeders were engaged not only in breeding silver-black foxes, but also other valuable breeds of animals — beavers, raccoons, sables. The state farm provided great assistance to collective farms, which in the 1930s and 1940s began to engage in cellular animal husbandry.

In 1931−1935, 60 foxes were kept at the Tobolsk animal farm, 4,697 young animals were raised. In 1936−1940, 650 foxes were already kept, 8649 young animals were raised. In 1937, a profit of 455 thousand rubles was made from the sale of silver-black fox skins. The material base of the animal farm was constantly improving. He had his own power plant, a large car park, and a good subsidiary farm.

During the Great Patriotic War, the team retained the main population of female silver-black foxes. It was stable — an average of 600 heads. The collective of the animal farm won the Red Banner of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR, received the All-Union Monetary Award. More than 500 professional hunters were engaged in the production of furs.

In 1946, a new type of fur-bearing animal, the blue arctic fox, was brought to the farm, and in 1959, for its anniversary, the fur farm brought a third type of animal, the mink. In 1956−1960, 750 foxes, 375 arctic foxes and 108 minks were kept at the Tobolsk animal farm.

Tobolsk animal breeders achieved the highest results in the 1960s and 1980s. So, in 1980, the population was: 1000 foxes, 1440 arctic foxes, 14 007 minks. The furs of the Tobolsk fur farm were famous far beyond the borders of our country. Tobolsk fur was in great demand in America, England, France, etc. Annually, the state farm produced furs for 4−5 million rubles (in prices of the 70s). Its territory became a fur farming school. Students from Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk districts came here to study. In terms of the development of cellular animal husbandry, the Tyumen region occupied one of the leading places in the country.

In the nineties, due to the transition to market relations, changes took place in the activities of the animal farm. Stock feed receipts stopped, they began to arrive with great interruptions. In order to preserve the company in the new economic conditions, a workshop for the manufacture of skins was launched. In May 1994, a workshop for sewing fur products was launched. In 1995, 75 fur coats, 3,000 hats, 270 collars and 200 mittens were sewn. But lack of money, economic confusion, increasingly took hold, and in the late 1990s, having become bankrupt, the animal farm ceased to exist. It is sad that they failed to maintain production, the products of which were in great demand on the world market and competed with the best fur producers.

Tyumen rabbit breeding complex "Roshchinsky"

The Roshchinsky rabbit breeding complex is the largest rabbit breeding enterprise in Russia. Its history began back in Soviet times.

The complex was built in 1968. Until 1973, the Roshchinsky state farm raised animals for the sake of skins. Later, the Soviet chinchilla and white giants were replaced by meat breeds of animals better suited for keeping in mechanized rabbit houses. To date, the Roshchinsky rabbit breeding complex in the village of Gorkovka near Tyumen is the only large rabbit breeding farm in the region and one of the largest in the country. Today, black and white California rabbits are bred there — prolific, strong immune and fast-growing. For seven thousand units, 19 thousand rabbits are now grown here.

Being a closed-cycle enterprise, Roshchinsky grows grain crops for feed, breeds rabbits, produces and supplies meat products to customers. The company employs about 100 people.

Rabbit meat is rich in protein and amino acids, while it practically does not contain fat and "bad" cholesterol, which can lead to atherosclerosis. Children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly and people with metabolic disorders will appreciate the pleasant taste and easy digestibility of rabbit meat (rabbit meat protein is absorbed by 96%), as well as its hypoallergenic properties. Unlike chicken, turkey, pork and beef, it rarely causes symptoms of individual intolerance.