Peasants living in cities were called "urban peasants". Many cities of Siberia in the 19th century retained the features of rural life: livestock, gardens and vegetable gardens. In 1870, 942 peasants lived in Tobolsk, and 2264 of them lived in Yalutorovsk.

At the end of the 19th century, there was a huge increase in the number of peasants in cities, and peasants occupied the second place after the main urban class — the burghers. Immigrants from rural areas made up almost half of the townspeople. At the time of the 1897 census in Tobolsk province, there were 42,398 "persons of rural status", or 48.5% of the urban population (including 41 292 peasants).

A significant part of the peasants in the cities were natives of the same province in which the city was located. The number of peasants who migrated from other provinces prevailed in the large cities of the Tobolsk province — in Tyumen and Kurgan.

At the end of the XIX century a special role has been acquired by such a type of migration as the regular departure of the rural population to work in the city for a more or less long period and their regular return to the countryside. These workers were an extremely active element of urbanization, transferring to the countryside not only the goods acquired in the city, but also cultural skills and social views.

The 1897 census data on the influx of rural population into cities confirm that the vast majority of immigrants consisted of permanent urban residents (artisans, laborers).

In this regard, A.M. Pankratov noted: "Mainly those rural workers who largely broke away from agricultural production and assumed to stay in the city for a long time came to the big cities."

Living in cities, peasants gradually adopted the way of life and way of life of other estates. Many joined the bourgeoisie and stayed in the city forever.

State or state-owned peasants were a category of the population that was created under Peter I. It was based on the Chernososhnyh peasants of the Russian North, Siberian arable peasants, odnodvorets (serving people on the border with the steppe), it also included serving Tatars and peoples of the Volga region and the Urals.

The number of state peasants was constantly growing due to new territories annexed by Russia and lands confiscated in favor of the treasury. Runaway serfs often became state peasants. This process was tacitly encouraged by the imperial government.

State peasants lived on state-owned lands, performed duties in favor of the state and were considered personally free. They did not belong to any landowner, but were the property of the state. The bulk of the state peasants paid dues to the treasury. The peasants of Siberia initially paid the grocery dues, then they were transferred to the monetary dues. In the 19th century, the amount of the state peasants' dues ranged from 7 rubles 50 kopecks to 10 rubles.

State peasants, unlike serfs, had legal rights – they could make deals, appear in court, own property. They were allowed to engage in trade, crafts, to work as coachmen and laborers, to open factories In addition, state peasants could acquire ownership of "unpopulated land" in their name.

According to the law "On the land structure of state peasants" dated November 24, 1866, rural societies retained the lands that were used. The other lands of the "free" peasants were obliged to buy from the state. In 1886, the redemption became mandatory. The redemption period, like that of former serfs, was set at 49.5 years. Redemption payments were stopped during the Stolypin reform of 1907. However, the laws of 1866 and 1886 did not apply to the state peasants of Siberia. They remained in their former position.

Householdpeople (dvornya) are a category of serfs, whom the gentlemen used as servants. Most of the household people did not have land plots and lived on estates, in dachas, loans, doing maintenance work for the lordly family. Various types of household people lived in the manor houses: butlers, valets, footmen, maids and so on. Their staff included wet nurses, nannies, tutors of the lord’s sons.

In the revisions of that time, the household people were considered separate from the peasants. Often, household people became a source of income for the landowner — they were sold or rented out. In 1797, Paul I forbade the sale of household people, but they continued to be sold and bought under the guise of "giving into service." Their sale was banned in 1833

The category of household people was replenished by selecting serfs in the manor. By the middle of the 19th century, their number had grown so much that the government was forced in 1858 to issue a decree prohibiting landlords from transferring serfs to household people.

After the abolition of serfdom, household people did not receive a land allotment.

In ancient Russia, the peasant was personally free and cultivated the land under an agreement with its owner. A free man became a peasant from the moment he began cultivating the land ("instructed the plough") on the site and ceased to be a peasant as soon as he gave up farming. The peasant could leave the owner only after the end of the harvest. The judicial code of Grand Duke Ivan III set the deadline for peasant care — a week before St. George’s Day (November 26) and a week after St. George’s Day.

The Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich attached peasants to the land without a deadline and established the power of the landowner (the owner of the estate) over the peasant. It was then that the saying arose: "Here it is, Grandma, St. George’s Day!".

However, in the Russian North, in the Urals and in Siberia, the bulk of the rural population were Chernososhnyh, and then state peasants who paid taxes and carried duties in favor of the state.

In the XVIII century the final enslavement of the peasants took place. In 1747 landlords were granted the right to sell their serfs, in 1760 landlords were given the right to exile serfs to Siberia.

Serfdom hindered the development of industry in Russia, so in the 19th century there were many changes in the situation of serfs.

But Siberia did not know serfdom. On the eve of the peasant reform of 1861, in the Tobolsk province there were only 28 landed estates and 40 homeless nobles owning household people. There were 3,700 people in serfdom (0.23% of the peasants of the province), of whom 900 were household people.

According to the Regulation of February 19, 1861, special charters were drawn up for most estates, which set out the conditions for allotting peasants with land and the conditions for buying it from landlords. The size of allotments was determined at 8−15 dessiatines, the annual rent for the use of them was 8 rubles. Such a measure brought the former serfs of Siberia to the brink of poverty, so it was possible to put into effect charters only in four estates, in the rest the peasants simply moved to free state lands.

The reform of 1861 affected only a small category of the peasantry and had no direct consequences for the bulk of the state peasants, who did not know the humiliation and hardships of serfdom. However, Siberia has experienced its impact in the form of the state’s resettlement policy.

Monastic peasants are a special category of the peasant population, which was dependent on the Church and cultivated monastic (church) lands. The difference between monastic peasants and serfs was that they could not be given, sold or released to the church authorities. But unlike the landowner peasants, the monastic ones had the right to complain.

According to the third revision (1762−1763), there were 14 291 audit souls in Siberia, or 3.64% of the total Russian population. The Tobolsk Episcopal House was a large landowner, in 1762 there were 3,592 audit souls in its four fiefdoms. Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery was not much inferior to it. According to the second revision (1743−1747), he had 2,140 audit souls of the dependent population. In third place in terms of the number of peasants was the Tyumen Trinity Monastery, for which, according to the same revision, 516 audit souls were attributed.

Monastic peasants worked as corvees on monastic lands, worked in jobs not related to arable land: the construction of barges and planks, harvesting firewood, etc. The Church authorities used every opportunity to increase the working of peasants. For example, the peasants of the Vagai patrimony of the Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery were obliged in the 1750s annually: to squeeze 20 worts of monastery bread for each married couple, to work one day for each peasant at harvest and mowing, to give carts for transporting grain supplies, to cut and supply timber for monastery construction, etc.

The most severe form of rent for monastic peasants was the "fifth sheaf", "fifth wort" or "pyatin", when a fifth of the harvest was given to the monastery. The peasants harvested the bread, threshed it, took it to the mills, and then the finished flour was taken to the monasteries by themselves. For example, in 1760, the peasants of the Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery paid 123 quarters of bread (over 1000 pounds) as a fifth of the monastery.

The liberation of the monastic peasants did not begin immediately. In 1701 Peter the Great abolished the patriarchate and placed the Church under state control. The church lands were under the jurisdiction of the Monastery Order, which monitored the receipt of natural and monetary income from the peasants to the monasteries. In 1725, the Monastery Order was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Holy Synod. In the 1760s, mass demonstrations of monastic peasants took place in Russia. February 26, 1764 by the decree of Catherine II, the complete secularization of church lands was carried out, and the monastic peasants passed into a special category of economic peasants.

The old expression "to let go of the toll" meant that the landowner gave the land to the peasants, and the peasants were taxed for this in cash or in products, in addition, the peasants were engaged in latrine trades. The amount of the toll depended on the income of the peasant. Under Catherine II, the average toll did not exceed 5 rubles per male.

The toll system was spread mainly in the northern non-chernozem provinces, where income from land was small, and peasants earned their living from crafts related to rivers and forests.

The peasants lived better than the serfs, because they enjoyed greater freedom away from their masters and did not work as serfs.

By the end of the XVIII century due to the development of crafts and trade in the northern and non-chernozem provinces of Russia, the number of tolled estates consisted of two thirds of all landlords, but in the chernozem provinces their number was small.

Attachedpeasants are peasants who, instead of paying the poll tax, worked in factories, that is, were assigned to them. In the 18th century, the government widely practiced attaching peasants to manufactories in the Urals and Siberia in order to provide industry with cheap labor. The attachment was without a deadline, forever. Recruits recruited from the аttached peasants became craftsmen at mining and metallurgical plants. Hard work and exploitation caused escapes and unrest among the peasants. The attachment to the factories was canceled only at the end of the XVIII century. By decree of 1807 the peasants attached to the Ural factories began to be exempted from compulsory factory work. It was only the reform of 1861 that completely liberated this category of the peasantry.

Siberian arable peasants are state peasants in Siberia who cultivate state-owned (state-owned) arable land.

Under the condition of processing the state-owned field, the arable peasant received a piece of land for personal use (sable arable land). In addition, the peasants received irrevocable help, loans and tax benefits. The peasant had to cultivate the sovereign’s arable land on his own, and hand over the harvest to the treasury. By the middle of the XVII century only in the Tobolsk district the size of the sovereign’s execution reached 2 thousand tithes. Since the second half of the XVII century, some arable peasants were allowed to be released on toll tax. Peasants who went out on toll tax paid 20 quarters of rye and 20 quarters of oats per howl, and "there was no profit and loss for the sovereign’s treasury" compared to "arable duty". Since 1762, for Siberian arable peasants, the cultivation of state-owned land has been replaced by a monetary tax. Siberian peasants often paid their dues in money and bread. In the XVIII century arable peasants entered the category of state peasants.

Most of the Chernososhnyh peasants lived in areas of the country with a harsh climate. In addition to agriculture, they were engaged in hunting, fishing, fur farming, gathering and trade. Unlike the serfs, the Chernososhnyh peasants were not personally dependent, and therefore bore the burden not in favor of the landlords, but in favor of the state. The land was, as it were, the property of a Chernososhnyh peasant; he could pledge it and sell it, but on condition that the buyer pulled into communal cuts and markings or immediately paid all communal duties, "whitewashed" the site. In the XVIII century,Chernososhnyh peasants became part of the state peasants.

After the seizure of monastic lands in favor of the state by Catherine II in 1764, the former monastic and church peasants moved into a special category of state peasants — economic peasants. Initially, their affairs were managed by the College of Economy, hence their name. After the abolition of this board, the economic peasants were transferred under the control of the provincial state chambers in 1786.

Economic peasants had personal freedom, paid a monetary rent, and carried state duties. By the end of the eighteenth century, the economic peasants had completely merged with the state peasants.

Yasak people are payers of the natural tax — yasak. Yasak was paid by representatives of the indigenous population of Siberia. The main part of the yasak was made up of furs. All the furs were taken to Tobolsk. Here, the skins were selected according to the color and quality of the fur, tied up in bales, and then sent to the capital.

The means of forcing the payment of yasak was the shert (oath). In the XVII — first half of the XVIII centuries yasak people were recorded in special Yasak books. Only male payers between the ages of 15 and 55 were registered in them. Later, the taxation system was changed and yasak began to be charged from tribal elders for the entire yasak "clan", that is, a group of male relatives. The number of men was recorded during the yasach censuses and more detailed yasach commissions, which worked from 1763 to 1829.

In addition to yasak, Yasak people carried duties in favor of the state: road, city, Yamskaya and others.

According to the "Charter on the management of foreigners", some representatives of the indigenous population of Siberia were transferred from yasak to a monetary rent.